Hyena
by. Nolvyhindarto,S.Si_Encartablog_Animals
Hyena | |
Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Suborder: | |
Family: |
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Living Genera | |
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The Hyaenidae (pronounced
family of order Carnivora. The Hyaenidae family, native to both
and Asian continents, consists of four living species,
the Striped Hyena and
Hyena (genus
Hyena (genus Crocuta), and the
(genus Proteles).
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Evolution
Skull of Hyaena eximia
Crocuta macrodonta skull fossil
ancestors bearing similarities to the modern
Palm Civet.
lithe civet-like creature that inhabited
20-22 million years ago. Details from the
ear and dental structure marked it as a primitive
hyena. This genus proved successful, its descendants flourishing with
more pointed jowls and racier legs, much as the
had done in North America.
30 different species being identified. Unlike some of their modern descendants,
these hyenas were not specialized bone-crushers, but were more nimble,
wolf-like animals. The dog-like hyenas had canid-like molars, allowing
them to supplement their carnivorous diet with vegetation and invertebrates.
color: #0000FF;">[1]
traveling from North America to Eurasia via the
land bridge.The ancestral
survived by having adapted themselves to an insectivorous diet to which
few canids had specialized. Some hyenas evolved bone-crushing teeth,
which allowed them to avoid competition with the canids, resulting in
the hyenas eventually outcompeting a family of similarly built bone-crushers
called "percrocutoids". The percrocutoids became extinct
7 million years ago, coinciding exactly with the rise of bone-crushing
hyena species.
continent, only one hyena species, the
It became extinct 1.5 million years ago.[1]
with 4 genera and 9 species of hyena.[2] The bone-crushing hyenas became
the Old World's dominant scavengers, managing to take advantage of the
amount of meat left over from the kills of
cats. One such species was
could crush elephant bones.[1] As the sabre-toothed cats began
to die out and be replaced by short-fanged felids that were more efficient
eaters, more hyenas began to hunt for themselves and began evolving
into new species, the modern Spotted Hyena being among them.[3]
Skull of Ictitherium viverrinum.
Museum of Natural History
Genera of the Hyaenidae
(extinct and recent)
A Crocuta of subfamily Hyaeninae
color: #0000FF;">[4] and Wozencraft (2005) in Wilson
and Reeders Mammal Species of the World
for extant genera.[5] The Percrocutids are, in contrast
to McKenna and Bell's classification, not included as a subfamily into
the Hyaenidae, but as the separate family
Furthermore, the genus Paracrocuta, to which the living
hyena belongs, is not included into the genus
but in the genus Hyaena. The Protelinae (Aardwolves) are not treated as a separate
subfamily, but included in the Hyaeninae.
- Family Hyaenidae
- †Tongxinictis
(Middle Miocene of Asia) - †Subfamily
Ictitheriinae - †Herpestides (Early Miocene
of Africa and Eurasia) - †Plioviverrops (including
Early Miocene to Early Pliocene of Europe, Late Miocene of Asia) - †Ictitherium (=Galeotherium; including Lepthyaena, Sinictitherium, Paraictitherium; Middle Miocene of Africa, Late Miocene to
Early Pliocene of Eurasia) - †Thalassictis (including
Middle to Late Miocene of Asia, Late Miocene of Africa and Europe) - †Hyaenotherium
(Late Miocene to ?Early Pliocene of Eurasia) - †Miohyaenotherium
(Late Miocene of Europe) - †Lychyaena
(Late Miocene of Eurasia) - †Tungurictis
(Middle Miocene of Africa and Eurasia) - †Proictitherium
(Middle Miocene of Africa and Asia, Middle to Late Miocene of Europe) - Subfamily Hyaeninae
- †Palinhyaena
(Late Miocene of Asia) - †Ikelohyaena
(Early Pliocene of Africa) - Hyaena (=Euhyaena, =Hyena; including
of Africa, Late Pliocene (?Late Miocene) to Late Pleistocene of Europe,
Late Pliocene to recent in Asia - †Hyaenictis
(Late Miocene of Asia?, Late Miocene of Europe, Early Pliocene (?Early
Pleistocene) of Africa) - †Leecyaena
(Late Miocene and/or Early Pliocene of Asia) - †Chasmaporthetes (=Ailuriaena;
including Lycaenops,
Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene of Eurasia, Early Pliocene to Late
pliocene or Early Pleistocene of Africa, Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
of North America) - †Pachycrocuta (Pliocene
and Pleistocene of Eurasia and Africa) - †Adcrocuta
(Late Miocene of Eurasia) - Crocuta (=Crocotta; including Eucrocuta; Late Pliocene to recent of Africa, Late Pliocene
to Late Pleistocene of Eurasia) - Proteles (=Geocyon; Pleistocene to Recent of Africa)
Appearance and biology
Skeletons of a
hyena and a
hyena from the
national d'histoire naturelle
they make up a separate
family that is most closely related to
(the family of mongooses and
thereby falling within the
All species have a distinctly bear-like gait, due to their front legs
being longer than their back legs. The
Striped Hyena, and Brown Hyena have striped pelts and manes lining the
top of their necks which erect when frightened. The Spotted Hyena's
fur is considerably shorter and spotted rather than striped.
have powerful carnassial teeth adapted for cutting flesh and
for crushing bone. Spotted Hyenas have a strong bite proportional to
their size, but the view that they have the strongest bite is a myth;
and a number of other animals (including the
devil) are proportionately stronger.[6][7] The Aardwolf has greatly
reduced cheek teeth, sometimes absent in the adult, but otherwise has
the same dentition as the other three species.[8] The
formula for all hyena species is:
are much stronger at the
teeth than in canids, reflecting the fact that hyenas
crack bones with both their anterior dentition and premolars, unlike
canids which do so with their post-carnassial molars.[9] Like
hyenas lack the rearward molars of canids and vivverids. By organising
their teeth so that the bone-crushing premolars do not interfere with
the meat-slicing carnassials to the rear, hyenas can crush bone without
blunting the carnassials' blades.[1]
mammals and have been reported to be remarkably similar to those of
primates in respect to group size, structure, competition, and cooperation.
color: #0000FF;">[10] One indication of hyena intelligence
is that they will move their killed prey closer together to protect
them from scavengers. Another indication is their strategic
hunting methods.[11]
dimorphism, with males being only slightly larger
than the females. The Spotted Hyena is an exception to this, with females
larger than males. One unusual feature of the Spotted Hyena is that
females have an enlarged
called a pseudo-penis, demi-penis, or sometimes mistakenly
referred to as a nanophallus. Female hyenas give birth, copulate, and
urinate through their protruding genitalia, which stretches to allow
the male penis to enter for
it also stretches during birth. The anatomical position of the genitalia
gives females complete control over which males are allowed to mate
with them.
of the genitals was
that were introduced to the fetus very early on in its development.
However, it was discovered that when the androgens were held back from
the female fetus, the development of her genitalia was not
altered.[12] Spotted Hyenas have a
social structure[13] that some biologists speculate
evolved because it is in the best interests of the female hyena to dominate
the male hyena as it provides no assistance in rearing the
color: #0000FF;">[13]
Two hyenas playing at
Zoo
onto objects to mark their territories. When
marking the anal pouch is turned inside out, or everted.
Hyenas also do this as a submissive posture to more dominant hyenas.
Genitals, the anal area and the anal glands are sniffed during greeting
behavior in which each hyena lifts its leg and allows the other to sniff
its anal sacks and genitals. All four species maintain
far from the main denning area where
is deposited. Scent marking is also done by scraping the ground with
the paws, which deposits scent from glands on the bottoms of the feet.
Hyenas do not raise their legs when urinating as male or dominant canids
do.[14]
or carry back food in their stomachs for their young[14] because of the speed with which
the food is digested by the adults.[1]
Hyenas can carry strains of
but not develop symptoms.[15][16]
Habitat and distribution
Three of the four species of hyena are restricted to sub-Saharan
where they live in drier environments such as
bushland and desert. The fourth species, the Striped Hyena, is found
in northern and eastern Africa as well as in Asia from the Middle East
to India.
Dietary habits
A hyena feeding on a
carcass in Masai Mara,
scavengers.[17] They have extremely strong
jaws in relation to their body size and have a very powerful
system with highly acidic fluids, making them capable
of eating and digesting their entire prey, including skin, teeth, horns
and bones. Hair and hooves are usually regurgitated. Because their digestive
system deals very well with
they have no aversion to and readily eat
Spotted Hyenas are successful
of small to large sized
and are the most abundant carnivores in
Africa.
it lacks the size and physical power of its cousins.
In culture
The Spotted Hyena, Crocuta crocuta, inhabits most of
the hyena negatively, associating them with gluttony, uncleanliness
and cowardice.
scavenge graves for food. They are one of the few creatures
naturally suited for this, due to their ability to devour and digest
every part of a carcass, including bone.[2] The word hyena is derived from the
meaning "pig", and has a long association with cruelty, treachery
and greed.[18]
were called lipwereri and the ordinary hyena was called a fisi.[19] The
is a mythical tribe reputed to house members able to transform into
hyenas.[20] Belief in "Werehyenas" is so entrenched within the traditional lore of the
people of north-eastern
that their language even contains a special word, bultungin, which translates as "I change myself into a
hyena".[21]
idea in local cultures that they could imitate human voices and call
their victims by name. Hyenas are also associated with
and sometimes thought of as tools of
and witches. In
folklore, witches and sorcerers are thought to ride hyenas or even turn
into them.
or commonly practiced
largely due to the female
Hyena's unique
system. According to early writings such as
and nature from male to female and back again. In
of Alexandria noted that the hyena (along with the
was "quite obsessed with sexual intercourse." Many Europeans
associated the hyena with sexual deformity,
and deviant sexual behavior.
movies many times as well as having been rendered in live action films,
commonly cast as hysterical and unhinged villains. Examples include
Banzai and Ed from the
film
Quinn's pets,
Lou, and the laughing Hyena in
and the Tramp.
Wing, the Hyena is seen as one of the villains as
it viciously and violently kills one of the flamingos that tries to
escape along with all the other flamingos. In the film, the Hyena, along
with the Storks are compared as classic storybook and Disney villains.
See also
References
- ^ a
David (1992). The Velvet Claw. New York: Parkwest. p. 256. - ^ a
Retrieved 2007-05-31. - ^ Denis-Huot,
Christine & Denis-Huot, Michel (2003). The Art of being a Lion. p. 224. - ^ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan
K. Bell: Classification
of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York 1997, 631 Seiten, - ^ Wozencraft,
W. C. (16 November 2005). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds). ed.
(3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. - ^
Worlds News - Marsupial has the deadliest bite - 04/04/2005 - ^ Wroe,
S, McHenry, C, and Thomason, J. (2005). "Bite club: comparative
bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour
in fossil taxa.". Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 272: 619–625. - ^ Richardson,
Philip K.R. & Bearder, Simon (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 154–159. - ^ Therrien,
François (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans
and implications for the feeding behaviour of extinct predators".
of Zoology 267 (3): 249–270. - ^ Holekamp,
Jay; Sharleen T. Sakai & Barbara L. Lundrigan (2007). "The
spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) as a model system for study of the evolution
of intelligence". Journal of Mammalogy 88 (3): 545–554. - ^ Lind,
Hans. "Bogen om Dyrepsykologi". - ^ Meredith,
Dennis (2002).
Paradoxical Predator".
Magazine 88 (3). - ^ a
Hierarchies Feeding Behavior in the Spotted Hyena - ^ a
Hans (1972). The Spotted Hyena: A study of predation and social behavior.
New York: Parkwestk. p. 335. - ^ Jordan
Lite (2008-10-08).
Carry Rabies but Don't Develop Symptoms.".
American.
Retrieved 2008-10-16. - ^ John
Von Radowitz (2001-12-11). [Hyenas have the last laugh on rabies. "
The London Independent. Hyenas
have the last laugh on rabies..
Retrieved 2008-10-16. - ^ Rohland,
Nadin; Pollack, Joshua L.; Nagel, Doris; Beauval, Cédric; Airvaux,
Jean; Pääbo, Svante; Hofreiter, Michael (2005).
population history of extant and extinct hyenas".
(12): 2435–2443. - ^
etymology dictionary: Hyena - ^ Clarke,
James (1969). Man is the prey: an investigation into the motives and habits of man's
natural enemies. p. 163. ISBN 233960872. - ^
spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything
- In the Company of Animals".
E. Glickman.
Retrieved 2007-05-22. - ^
External links
- Hyenas pass on social state actively to the offspring, review of an
article in "Behavioural Ecology" - The rite of mouth-to-mouth wild hyena feeding in Harar, Ethiopia
- IUCN Conservation Union Hyaendiae Specialist Group
- Hyena: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
- Robin M. Weare's Hyena pages
- Excerpt about hyenas from Richard D. Estes's "The Safari
Companion" (ISBN 1-890132-44-6) - A mechanism for virilization of female spotted hyenas in utero
- evolution of the family
- Quick Guide - Spotted hyena (deals with intelligence and social interaction)
- Hyenas- Sociable and Smart
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena"
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