Cod
Gadus | |
Gadus morhua | |
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Phylum: | |
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belonging to the family
and is also used in the common name for various other fishes. Cod is
a popular food with a mild flavor, low fat content and a dense,
flaky white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make
oil, an important source of
A, vitamin D,
E and
fatty acids (
and DHA). Larger cod caught during
are sometimes called skrei. Young Atlantic cod or
prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod.
The
Atlantic cod, which can change color at certain water depths, has two
distinct color phases: grey-green and reddish brown. Its average weight
is 5–12 kilograms (11–26 lb), but specimens weighing up to 100 kilograms
(220 lb) have been recorded. Cod feed on
and small fish. Some migrate to warm water in winter to spawn. A large
female lays up to five million eggs in midocean, a very small number
of which survive. Pacific or saltwater cod are also found around the
coast of British Columbia, Canada and the Northwestern US coastal areas.
These fish are three times the size of their eastern counterparts and
are darker in color.
and coalfish are often found on the same grounds as
codfish in cool Atlantic waters. Pollock have shovel-shaped tails and
pale lateral lines and grow to 1 metre (3.3 ft) and 15 kilograms (33 lb).
Some grow to 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length.
Cod meat is moist and flaky when cooked and is white in color. In
the United Kingdom,
cod is one of the most common ingredients in
chips, along with
and plaice. It is also frequently consumed in
and Spain.
Cod are currently at risk from overfishing
in the UK, Canada and most other Atlantic countries.[1]. See also Cod Fisheries
color: #0000FF;">[2].
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Taxonomy
At various times in the past, taxonomists incorrectly included
many species in Gadus. The great majority of these are
now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as simply
forms of one of three species. Modern taxonomy, therefore, recognizes
only three species in this genus:
- Gadus macrocephalus -
cod - Gadus morhua -
cod - Gadus ogac -
cod
All these species have a profusion of
names, most of them including the word "cod".
Many common names have been used of more than one species, in different
places or at different times.
"Cod"
that is not cod
Related
species
name of many other fish no longer classified in the
genus Gadus. Many are members of the family
others are members of three related families within the order
whose names include the word "cod": the
cods,
(100 or so species); the eel cods,
cod,
(1 species). The tadpole cod family (
has now been placed in Gadidae.
Cod postage stamp,
include:
- Arctic cod Arctogadus glacialis
- East Siberian cod Arctogadus borisovi
- Eucla cod Euclichthys polynemus
- Pelagic cod Melanonus gracilis
- Polar cod Boreogadus saida
- Poor cod Trisopterus minutus
- Rock cod Lotella rhacina
- Saffron cod Eleginus gracilis
- Small-headed cod Lepidion microcephalus
- Tadpole cod Guttigadus globosus
Some fish have common names derived from "cod", such
as codling,
or tomcod. ("Codling" is also used as a name
for a young cod.)
Unrelated
species
shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements
using names of the form "x cod", according to culinary rather than phyletic similarity.
The common names for the following species have become well-established;
note that all inhabit the
Hemisphere.
Perciformes
Fish of the order
that are commonly called "cod" include:
- Blue cod Parapercis colias
- Eastern freshwater cod Maccullochella ikei
- Mary River cod Maccullochella peelii mariensis
- Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii
- Sleepy cod Oxyeleotris lineolatus
- Trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis
- The cod icefish family,
including: - Antarctic cod Dissostichus mawsoni
- Black cod Paranotothenia microlepidota
- Maori cod Paranotothenia magellanica
Rock cod,
reef cod, and coral cod
are also in order Perciformes. Most are better known as
and belong to the family
Others belong to the Nototheniidiae. Two exceptions are
the Australasian
(see below), and the fish known simply as the rock cod and as
related to the true cod (it is a morid cod).
Scorpaeniformes
From the order
- Ling cod Ophiodon elongatus
- Red rock cod Scorpaena papillosa
Ophidiiformes
The tadpole cod family,
and the Eucla cod family,
were formerly classified in the order
but are now grouped with the
Marketed
as
Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes
sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong in the same family, the Gadidae,
as cod.
Identification
and two anal fins. The
fins are small with the first ray extended, and are
set under the gill cover (i.e. the throat region), in front of
the pectoral fins. The upper jaw extends over the lower
jaw, which has a well developed
The eyes are medium sized, approximately the same as the length of the
chin barbel. Cod have a distinct white
line running from the gill slit above the pectoral
fin, to the base of the
or tail fin. The back tends to be a greenish to sandy brown, and showing
extensive mottling especially towards the lighter sides and white belly.
Dark brown colouration of the back and sides is not uncommon especially
for individuals who have resided in rocky inshore regions.
Breeding
Sea,
and Labrador stocks. There seems to be little interchange
between the stocks, although migrations to their individual breeding
grounds may involve distances of 200 miles (320 km)or more.
Spawning
occurs between January to April (March and April are the peak months),
at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft) in specific spawning grounds at water
temperatures of between 4 and 6 °C (39 and 43 °F). Around the UK, the
major spawning grounds are in the Middle to Southern North Sea, the
start of the Bristol Channel (north of
the Irish Channel (both east and west of the
Man), around
and east of Helmsdale.
Pre-spawning
courtship involves fin displays, and male grunting[
to pairing. The male inverts himself beneath the female, and the pair
swim in circles while spawning. The eggs are planktonic and hatch between
8 to 23 days with larva reaching 4 millimetres (0.16 in) in length. This
planktonic phase lasts some ten weeks, enabling the young cod to increase
its body weight by 40-fold, and growing to about 2 centimetres (0.79 in).
The young cod then move to the seabed and change their diet to small
such as isopods and small crabs. They increase in size to
8 centimetres (3.1 in)in the first six months, 14–18 centimetres (5.5–7.1 in)
by the end of their first year, and to 25–35 centimetres (9.8–14 in)
by the end of the second. Growth tends to be less at higher latitudes.
Cod reach maturity at about 50 centimetres (20 in) at about 3 to 4 years
of age.
Biome
in depths of between 20–200 feet (6.1–61 m),80 metres (260 ft) on average,
although not uncommon to depths of 600 metres (2,000 ft). Off the Norwegian
and New England coasts and on the
Banks of Newfoundland, cod congregate at certain seasons
in water of 30–70 metres (98–230 ft) depth. Cod are gregarious and
form schools, although
tends to be a feature of the spawning season.
Predation
Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on
small cod, squid,
and molluscs. Young cod avoid larger prey.
Parasites
interesting is a grotesque and massively modified crustacean,
known as the cod worm (Lernaeocera branchialis). This animal starts life as a small
free swimming larva that is undoubtedly a crustacean. Its first
host is the lumpsucker which it captures with grasping hooks
at the front of its body. It penetrates the lumpsucker with a thin
that it uses to suck blood. Cod worms mate on the lumpsucker and the
female takes her fertilized eggs to a cod and clinging to its gills,
metamorphoses into something that looks scarcely animal. Her crustacean
features give way to a plump, s-shaped, worm-like body. Nestled against
the rear of her body is a coiled mass of egg strings. The worm is also
grotesque in behaviour because the front part of her body penetrates
the body of the fish and enters the rear bulb of the host's
Firmly rooted in the cod's circulatory system, the front part of the
female parasite grows like the branches of a tree, reaching down into
the main artery. The worm extracts nutrients from the cod's
blood and remains there, safely tucked beneath the cod's gill cover,
eventually releasing her offspring into the water.[3]
Range
Gadus morhua cod live in the colder
waters and deeper sea regions throughout the Northern Atlantic. The
macrocephalus is found in both eastern and western regions of
the Pacific.[4]
Cod trade/history
Stockfish
See also:
markets since the
period (around 800 AD).
traveled with dried cod and soon a dried cod market developed
in southern Europe. This market has lasted for more than 1000
years, enduring the Black Death, wars and other crises and is still
an important Norwegian fish trade.[5] The
began been fishing cod in the 15th century.
is widely enjoyed in Portugal. The
played an important role in the cod trade and allegedly found the
fishing banks before Columbus' discovery of America.[6] The North American east coast
developed in part due to the vast cod stocks. Many cities in the New
England area located near cod fishing grounds. The fish was so important
to the history and development of
the that state's senate hung a wood carving of a codfish, known as the
Cod of Massachusetts, in its chambers.
Apart
from the long history cod differ from most fish because the fishing
grounds are far from population centers. The large cod fisheries along
the coast of North Norway (and in particular close to the
islands) have been developed almost uniquely for
depending on sea transport of
over large distances.[7] Since the introduction of salt,
dried salt cod (clipfish or 'klippfisk' in Norwegian)
has also been exported. By the end of the 14th century the
League dominated trade operations and sea transport,
with Bergen the most important port.[8]
Pitt the Elder, criticizing the
of Paris in
claimed that cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly
to restore Newfoundland fishing rights to the
In
the 17th and 18th centuries, the New World, especially in
and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, creating trade networks
and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control
over trade between New England and the British
by imposing the Molasses Act, which they believed would eliminate
the trade by making it unprofitable. The cod trade grew instead because
the “French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative
contraband arrangement”.[6] The American settlers traded
cod with the French Caribbean for rum-producing molasses. In addition
to increasing trade, the New England settlers organized into a “codfish
aristocracy”. The colonists rose up against Britain's “tariff on
an import”. Angry merchants, including John Hancock and John Rowe,
disguised themselves, boarded their own ships and dumped their own goods
into the harbor, an event known as the
Tea Party (p. 96).[6]
In
the 20th century, Iceland re-emerged as a fishing power and entered
the Cod Wars. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries,
fishing off the European and American coasts severely depleted stocks
and become a major political issue. The necessity of restricting catches
to allow stocks to recover upset the fishing industry and politicians
reluctant to hurt employment. The 2006 Northwest
cod
is 23,000 tons representing half the available stocks, while the Northeast
Atlantic quota is 473,000 tons.
Pacific Cod is currently enjoying strong global demand. The
2006 Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for the
Alaska and
Islands was 260,000 tons.
Endangered-species
controversies in Canada and Europe
of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) banned Northern cod
fishing in 1992, which caused great economic hardship in
and Labrador. In 1995, in a controversial move,
Tobin the Canadian Federal Minister of Fisheries and
Oceans, reopened the hunt on the
which prey on cod, stating: "There is only one major player still
fishing the cod. His name is harp and his second name is seal."
color: #0000FF;">[9]
The
DFO partly lifted its ban in 1997, although the
Council for the Exploration of the Sea noted the poor
recovery of Canadian stocks.[10] In general, depleted populations
of cod and other gadids appear to recover poorly when fishing pressure
is reduced or stopped.[11]
In
1998, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
(COSEWIC) listed the Atlantic cod as a species of "special concern",
though not as an endangered species.
subsequently stated that the original report in fact had advised endangered status but that pressure by the DFO
had suppressed this.[12]
In
2000, WWF placed cod on the
species list. The WWF issued a report stating that
global cod catch had suffered a 70 percent drop over the last 30 years,
and that if this trend continued, the world’s cod stocks would disappear
in 15 years.[13] Åsmund Bjordal, director of
the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research disputed
the WWF's claim, noting the healthy
Sea cod population.[14] Cod is among Norway's most
important fishery exports and the
Sea is Norway's most important cod fishery.
In
2003, COSEWIC placed the
and Labrador fisheries on the endangered species list
and Fisheries Minister
Thibault announced an indefinite closure in the
St. Lawrence and off Newfoundland's northeast coast.
In a 2004 report, the WWF agreed that the
Sea cod fishery appeared to be healthy but that the
situation may not last due to illegal fishing, industrial development,
and high quotas.[15]
In
2005 the WWF—Canada accused both foreign and Canadian fishing
vessels of deliberate, large-scale violations of the restrictions on
the Grand Banks, in the form of
WWF also claimed poor enforcement by
an intergovernmental organization with a mandate to provide scientific
fishery advice and management in the northwestern
color: #0000FF;">[16][17]
According
to Seafood Watch, cod is currently on the list of fish
that consumers should avoid. In a
on the subject, Charles Clover claims that cod is
only an example of how unsustainable fishing is destroying ocean ecosystems.
color: #0000FF;">[18]
In
2010, Greenpeace International has added the Atlantic cod to its seafood
red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list
of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and
which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."
color: #0000FF;">[19]
King cod
distinct top or crown giving it the name "king cod" or kongetorsk
in Norwegian. In Norway this rare fish was earlier considered to be
able to forecast the weather and was commonly used for that purpose.
A woolen thread suspended the fish from the ceiling; its nose would
point in a different direction depending on the coming weather. In reality,
the thread rather than the fish caused the movement. The twisted thread
served as a primitive
by reacting to the air's humidity, turning the fish as the humidity
rose and fell.
Liver
Cod's soft liver can be tinned and eaten.
See also
- Bacalhau
- Bacalaíto
- Baccalà
- Cod War
- Dried and salted cod
- Fishing stage
- Lutefisk
- Oilfish
- Overfishing
- Scrod
- Stockfish
References
- ^
sales rise, as public gets message on cod - Green Living, Environment
- Independent.co.uk - ^
- ^
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals.
color: #CC2200;">Greenwood Press.
2007. - ^ "Cod",
online 2008 - ^ James
Barrett, Roelf Beukens, Ian Simpson, Patrick Ashmore, Sandra Poaps and
Jacqui Huntley (2000). "What Was the Viking Age and When did it
Happen? A View from Orkney.". Norwegian Archaeological Review 33(1): 1. - ^ a
Mark (1997).
Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker. - ^ G.
Rolfsen (1966). "Norwegian fisheries Research.". FiskDir. Skr. Ser. HavUnders. 14(1): 36. - ^ A.
Holt-Jensen (1985). "Norway and sea the shifting importance of
marine resources through Norwegian history". - ^
- Ocean Realm Autumn 1999 - ^
World - Will Atlantic cod ever recover - ^
and recovery of marine fishes: Abstract: Nature - ^
Endangered: Canadian Geographic Magazine - ^
No more cod in 15 years, WWF report warns - ^
endangered species - Aftenposten.no - ^
The Barents Sea Cod - the last of the large cod stocks - ^
- News - Fisheries laying waste to endangered fish stocks: WWF-Canada Report - ^
Cod overfished in the North-West Atlantic despite ban - ^ Clover,
Charles (2004). The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What
We Eat. London: Ebury Press. - ^
International Seafood Red list
External
links
- Codtrace
- fishbase.org - Scientific Names for Gadus
- Fisheries Heritage website, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Long term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries – the pioneers
- Species factsheet on cod from the UK Sea Fish Industry Authority (PDF,
2MB)
mailto:nolvyhindarto@gmail.com
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